Index of Refraction

Ethan Davis explains the ‘index of refraction’ and how to manipulate it when you’re creating CGI.

Leave a Comment Cancel reply

You must be logged in to post a comment.

img.wp-smiley,img.emoji{display:inline !important;border:none !important;box-shadow:none !important;height:1em !important;width:1em !important;margin:0 .07em !important;vertical-align:-.1em !important;background:none !important;padding:0 !important;}.has-black-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color:var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background:var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size:var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;}.learndash-wrapper .ld-item-list .ld-item-list-item.ld-is-next,.learndash-wrapper .wpProQuiz_content .wpProQuiz_questionListItem label:focus-within{border-color:#017698;}.learndash-wrapper .ld-breadcrumbs a,.learndash-wrapper .ld-lesson-item.ld-is-current-lesson .ld-lesson-item-preview-heading,.learndash-wrapper .ld-lesson-item.ld-is-current-lesson .ld-lesson-title,.learndash-wrapper .ld-primary-color-hover:hover,.learndash-wrapper .ld-primary-color,.learndash-wrapper .ld-primary-color-hover:hover,.learndash-wrapper .ld-primary-color,.learndash-wrapper .ld-tabs .ld-tabs-navigation .ld-tab.ld-active,.learndash-wrapper .ld-button.ld-button-transparent,.learndash-wrapper .ld-button.ld-button-reverse,.learndash-wrapper .ld-icon-certificate,.learndash-wrapper .ld-login-modal .ld-login-modal-login .ld-modal-heading,#wpProQuiz_user_content a,.learndash-wrapper .ld-item-list .ld-item-list-item a.ld-item-name:hover,.learndash-wrapper .ld-focus-comments__heading-actions .ld-expand-button,.learndash-wrapper .ld-focus-comments__heading a,.learndash-wrapper .ld-focus-comments .comment-respond a,.learndash-wrapper .ld-focus-comment .ld-comment-reply a.comment-reply-link:hover,.learndash-wrapper .ld-expand-button.ld-button-alternate{color:#017698 !important;}.learndash-wrapper .ld-focus-comment.bypostauthor>.ld-comment-wrapper,.learndash-wrapper .ld-focus-comment.role-group_leader>.ld-comment-wrapper,.learndash-wrapper .ld-focus-comment.role-administrator>.ld-comment-wrapper{background-color:rgba(1,118,152,.03) !important;}.learndash-wrapper .ld-primary-background,.learndash-wrapper .ld-tabs .ld-tabs-navigation .ld-tab.ld-active:after{background:#017698 !important;}.learndash-wrapper .ld-course-navigation .ld-lesson-item.ld-is-current-lesson .ld-status-incomplete,.learndash-wrapper .ld-focus-comment.bypostauthor:not(.ptype-sfwd-assignment) >.ld-comment-wrapper>.ld-comment-avatar img,.learndash-wrapper .ld-focus-comment.role-group_leader>.ld-comment-wrapper>.ld-comment-avatar img,.learndash-wrapper .ld-focus-comment.role-administrator>.ld-comment-wrapper>.ld-comment-avatar img{border-color:#017698 !important;}.learndash-wrapper .ld-loading::before{border-top:3px solid #017698 !important;}.learndash-wrapper .ld-button:hover:not(.learndash-link-previous-incomplete):not(.ld-button-transparent),#learndash-tooltips .ld-tooltip:after,#learndash-tooltips .ld-tooltip,.learndash-wrapper .ld-primary-background,.learndash-wrapper .btn-join,.learndash-wrapper #btn-join,.learndash-wrapper .ld-button:not(.ld-button-reverse):not(.learndash-link-previous-incomplete):not(.ld-button-transparent),.learndash-wrapper .ld-expand-button,.learndash-wrapper .wpProQuiz_content .wpProQuiz_button:not(.wpProQuiz_button_reShowQuestion):not(.wpProQuiz_button_restartQuiz),.learndash-wrapper .wpProQuiz_content .wpProQuiz_button2,.learndash-wrapper .ld-focus .ld-focus-sidebar .ld-course-navigation-heading,.learndash-wrapper .ld-focus .ld-focus-sidebar .ld-focus-sidebar-trigger,.learndash-wrapper .ld-focus-comments .form-submit #submit,.learndash-wrapper .ld-login-modal input[type='submit'],.learndash-wrapper .ld-login-modal .ld-login-modal-register,.learndash-wrapper .wpProQuiz_content .wpProQuiz_certificate a.btn-blue,.learndash-wrapper .ld-focus .ld-focus-header .ld-user-menu .ld-user-menu-items a,#wpProQuiz_user_content table.wp-list-table thead th,#wpProQuiz_overlay_close,.learndash-wrapper .ld-expand-button.ld-button-alternate .ld-icon{background-color:#017698 !important;}.learndash-wrapper .ld-focus .ld-focus-header .ld-user-menu .ld-user-menu-items:before{border-bottom-color:#017698 !important;}.learndash-wrapper .ld-button.ld-button-transparent:hover{background:transparent !important;}.learndash-wrapper .ld-focus .ld-focus-header .sfwd-mark-complete .learndash_mark_complete_button,.learndash-wrapper .ld-focus .ld-focus-header #sfwd-mark-complete #learndash_mark_complete_button,.learndash-wrapper .ld-button.ld-button-transparent,.learndash-wrapper .ld-button.ld-button-alternate,.learndash-wrapper .ld-expand-button.ld-button-alternate{background-color:transparent !important;}.learndash-wrapper .ld-focus-header .ld-user-menu .ld-user-menu-items a,.learndash-wrapper .ld-button.ld-button-reverse:hover,.learndash-wrapper .ld-alert-success .ld-alert-icon.ld-icon-certificate,.learndash-wrapper .ld-alert-warning .ld-button:not(.learndash-link-previous-incomplete),.learndash-wrapper .ld-primary-background.ld-status{color:white !important;}.learndash-wrapper .ld-status.ld-status-unlocked{background-color:rgba(1,118,152,.2) !important;color:#017698 !important;}.learndash-wrapper .wpProQuiz_content .wpProQuiz_addToplist{background-color:rgba(1,118,152,.1) !important;border:1px solid #017698 !important;}.learndash-wrapper .wpProQuiz_content .wpProQuiz_toplistTable th{background:#017698 !important;}.learndash-wrapper .wpProQuiz_content .wpProQuiz_toplistTrOdd{background-color:rgba(1,118,152,.1) !important;}.learndash-wrapper .wpProQuiz_content .wpProQuiz_reviewDiv li.wpProQuiz_reviewQuestionTarget{background-color:#017698 !important;}.learndash-wrapper .wpProQuiz_content .wpProQuiz_time_limit .wpProQuiz_progress{background-color:#017698 !important;}.learndash-wrapper #quiz_continue_link,.learndash-wrapper .ld-secondary-background,.learndash-wrapper .learndash_mark_complete_button,.learndash-wrapper #learndash_mark_complete_button,.learndash-wrapper .ld-status-complete,.learndash-wrapper .ld-alert-success .ld-button,.learndash-wrapper .ld-alert-success .ld-alert-icon{background-color:#019ea3 !important;}.learndash-wrapper .wpProQuiz_content a#quiz_continue_link{background-color:#019ea3 !important;}.learndash-wrapper .course_progress .sending_progress_bar{background:#019ea3 !important;}.learndash-wrapper .wpProQuiz_content .wpProQuiz_button_reShowQuestion:hover,.learndash-wrapper .wpProQuiz_content .wpProQuiz_button_restartQuiz:hover{background-color:#019ea3 !important;opacity:.75;}.learndash-wrapper .ld-secondary-color-hover:hover,.learndash-wrapper .ld-secondary-color,.learndash-wrapper .ld-focus .ld-focus-header .sfwd-mark-complete .learndash_mark_complete_button,.learndash-wrapper .ld-focus .ld-focus-header #sfwd-mark-complete #learndash_mark_complete_button,.learndash-wrapper .ld-focus .ld-focus-header .sfwd-mark-complete:after{color:#019ea3 !important;}.learndash-wrapper .ld-secondary-in-progress-icon{border-left-color:#019ea3 !important;border-top-color:#019ea3 !important;}.learndash-wrapper .ld-alert-success{border-color:#019ea3;background-color:transparent !important;color:#019ea3;}.learndash-wrapper .wpProQuiz_content .wpProQuiz_reviewQuestion li.wpProQuiz_reviewQuestionSolved,.learndash-wrapper .wpProQuiz_content .wpProQuiz_box li.wpProQuiz_reviewQuestionSolved{background-color:#019ea3 !important;}.learndash-wrapper .wpProQuiz_content .wpProQuiz_reviewLegend span.wpProQuiz_reviewColor_Answer{background-color:#019ea3 !important;}.learndash-wrapper .ld-alert-warning{background-color:transparent;}.learndash-wrapper .ld-status-waiting,.learndash-wrapper .ld-alert-warning .ld-alert-icon{background-color:#fb4007 !important;}.learndash-wrapper .ld-tertiary-color-hover:hover,.learndash-wrapper .ld-tertiary-color,.learndash-wrapper .ld-alert-warning{color:#fb4007 !important;}.learndash-wrapper .ld-tertiary-background{background-color:#fb4007 !important;}.learndash-wrapper .ld-alert-warning{border-color:#fb4007 !important;}.learndash-wrapper .ld-tertiary-background,.learndash-wrapper .ld-alert-warning .ld-alert-icon{color:white !important;}.learndash-wrapper .wpProQuiz_content .wpProQuiz_reviewQuestion li.wpProQuiz_reviewQuestionReview,.learndash-wrapper .wpProQuiz_content .wpProQuiz_box li.wpProQuiz_reviewQuestionReview{background-color:#fb4007 !important;}.learndash-wrapper .wpProQuiz_content .wpProQuiz_reviewLegend span.wpProQuiz_reviewColor_Review{background-color:#fb4007 !important;}h1 a:hover,h2 a:hover,h3 a:hover,h4 a:hover,h5 a:hover,h6 a:hover,.x-breadcrumb-wrap a:hover,.x-comment-author a:hover,.x-comment-time:hover,.p-meta > span > a:hover,.format-link .link a:hover,.x-main .widget ul li a:hover,.x-main .widget ol li a:hover,.x-main .widget_tag_cloud .tagcloud a:hover,.x-sidebar .widget ul li a:hover,.x-sidebar .widget ol li a:hover,.x-sidebar .widget_tag_cloud .tagcloud a:hover,.x-portfolio .entry-extra .x-ul-tags li a:hover{color:#017698;}a:hover{color:hsl(181,99%,30%);}a.x-img-thumbnail:hover{border-color:#017698;}.x-post-slider-archive-active .x-container.main:not(.x-row):not(.x-grid):before{top:0;}.x-sidebar-content-active .x-container.main:not(.x-row):not(.x-grid):before{left:calc(100% - 74%);}.x-full-width-active .x-container.main:not(.x-row):not(.x-grid):before{left:-5000em;}.h-landmark,.x-main .h-widget,.x-main .h-widget a.rsswidget,.x-main .h-widget a.rsswidget:hover,.x-main .widget.widget_pages .current_page_item a,.x-main .widget.widget_nav_menu .current-menu-item a,.x-main .widget.widget_pages .current_page_item a:hover,.x-main .widget.widget_nav_menu .current-menu-item a:hover,.x-sidebar .h-widget,.x-sidebar .h-widget a.rsswidget,.x-sidebar .h-widget a.rsswidget:hover,.x-sidebar .widget.widget_pages .current_page_item a,.x-sidebar .widget.widget_nav_menu .current-menu-item a,.x-sidebar .widget.widget_pages .current_page_item a:hover,.x-sidebar .widget.widget_nav_menu .current-menu-item a:hover{color:#333;}.x-main .widget,.x-main .widget a,.x-main .widget ul li a,.x-main .widget ol li a,.x-main .widget_tag_cloud .tagcloud a,.x-main .widget_product_tag_cloud .tagcloud a,.x-main .widget a:hover,.x-main .widget ul li a:hover,.x-main .widget ol li a:hover,.x-main .widget_tag_cloud .tagcloud a:hover,.x-main .widget_product_tag_cloud .tagcloud a:hover,.x-main .widget_shopping_cart .buttons .button,.x-main .widget_price_filter .price_slider_amount .button,.x-sidebar .widget,.x-sidebar .widget a,.x-sidebar .widget ul li a,.x-sidebar .widget ol li a,.x-sidebar .widget_tag_cloud .tagcloud a,.x-sidebar .widget_product_tag_cloud .tagcloud a,.x-sidebar .widget a:hover,.x-sidebar .widget ul li a:hover,.x-sidebar .widget ol li a:hover,.x-sidebar .widget_tag_cloud .tagcloud a:hover,.x-sidebar .widget_product_tag_cloud .tagcloud a:hover,.x-sidebar .widget_shopping_cart .buttons .button,.x-sidebar .widget_price_filter .price_slider_amount .button{color:#333;}.x-main .h-widget,.x-main .widget.widget_pages .current_page_item,.x-main .widget.widget_nav_menu .current-menu-item,.x-sidebar .h-widget,.x-sidebar .widget.widget_pages .current_page_item,.x-sidebar .widget.widget_nav_menu .current-menu-item{border-color:#333;}.x-post-slider{height:425px;}.archive .x-post-slider{height:425px;}.x-post-slider .x-post-slider-entry{padding-bottom:425px;}.archive .x-post-slider .x-post-slider-entry{padding-bottom:425px;}.format-link .link a,.x-portfolio .entry-extra .x-ul-tags li a{color:#686868;}.p-meta > span > a,.x-nav-articles a,.entry-top-navigation .entry-parent,.option-set .x-index-filters,.option-set .x-portfolio-filters,.option-set .x-index-filters-menu >li >a:hover,.option-set .x-index-filters-menu >li >a.selected,.option-set .x-portfolio-filters-menu > li > a:hover,.option-set .x-portfolio-filters-menu > li > a.selected{color:#272727;}.x-nav-articles a,.entry-top-navigation .entry-parent,.option-set .x-index-filters,.option-set .x-portfolio-filters,.option-set .x-index-filters i,.option-set .x-portfolio-filters i{border-color:#272727;}.x-nav-articles a:hover,.entry-top-navigation .entry-parent:hover,.option-set .x-index-filters:hover i,.option-set .x-portfolio-filters:hover i{background-color:#272727;}@media (max-width:978.98px){.x-sidebar-content-active .x-container.main:not(.x-row):not(.x-grid):before{left:-5000em;}body .x-main .widget,body .x-main .widget a,body .x-main .widget a:hover,body .x-main .widget ul li a,body .x-main .widget ol li a,body .x-main .widget ul li a:hover,body .x-main .widget ol li a:hover,body .x-sidebar .widget,body .x-sidebar .widget a,body .x-sidebar .widget a:hover,body .x-sidebar .widget ul li a,body .x-sidebar .widget ol li a,body .x-sidebar .widget ul li a:hover,body .x-sidebar .widget ol li a:hover{color:#686868;}body .x-main .h-widget,body .x-main .widget.widget_pages .current_page_item a,body .x-main .widget.widget_nav_menu .current-menu-item a,body .x-main .widget.widget_pages .current_page_item a:hover,body .x-main .widget.widget_nav_menu .current-menu-item a:hover,body .x-sidebar .h-widget,body .x-sidebar .widget.widget_pages .current_page_item a,body .x-sidebar .widget.widget_nav_menu .current-menu-item a,body .x-sidebar .widget.widget_pages .current_page_item a:hover,body .x-sidebar .widget.widget_nav_menu .current-menu-item a:hover{color:#272727;}body .x-main .h-widget,body .x-main .widget.widget_pages .current_page_item,body .x-main .widget.widget_nav_menu .current-menu-item,body .x-sidebar .h-widget,body .x-sidebar .widget.widget_pages .current_page_item,body .x-sidebar .widget.widget_nav_menu .current-menu-item{border-color:#272727;}}@media (max-width:766.98px){.x-post-slider,.archive .x-post-slider{height:auto !important;}.x-post-slider .x-post-slider-entry,.archive .x-post-slider .x-post-slider-entry{padding-bottom:65% !important;}}@media (min-width:480px){}@media (min-width:767px){}@media (min-width:979px){}@media (min-width:1200px){}.w-b{font-weight:300 !important;}h2,h5,h6,.h1,.h2,.h3,.h4,.h5,.h6{font-family:"Lato",sans-serif;font-style:normal;font-weight:300;}.h1{letter-spacing:-.035em;}h2,.h2{letter-spacing:-.035em;}.h3{letter-spacing:-.035em;}.h4{letter-spacing:-.035em;}h5,.h5{letter-spacing:-.035em;}h6,.h6{letter-spacing:-.035em;}.w-h{font-weight:300 !important;}.x-bar-content.x-container.width{flex-basis:90%;}.x-main.full{float:none;display:block;width:auto;}@media (max-width:978.98px){.x-main.full,.x-main.right,.x-sidebar.left{float:none;display:block;width:auto !important;}}select,textarea{font-family:"Lato",sans-serif;}h2,h5,h6,.h1,.h2,.h3,.h4,.h5,.h6,h1 a,h2 a,h4 a,h5 a,h6 a,.h1 a,.h2 a,.h3 a,.h4 a,.h5 a,.h6 a,blockquote{color:#272727;}.cfc-h-tx{color:#272727 !important;}.cfc-h-bd{border-color:#272727 !important;}.cfc-h-bg{background-color:#272727 !important;}.cfc-b-tx{color:#686868 !important;}.cfc-b-bd{border-color:#686868 !important;}.cfc-b-bg{background-color:#686868 !important;}.x-btn,.button,[type="submit"]{color:#fff;border-color:#00d4d8;background-color:#00d4d8;text-shadow:0 .075em .075em rgba(0,0,0,.5);border-radius:.25em;}.x-btn:hover,.button:hover,[type="submit"]:hover{color:#fff;border-color:#019597;background-color:#019597;text-shadow:0 .075em .075em rgba(0,0,0,.5);}.x-btn.x-btn-real,.x-btn.x-btn-real:hover{margin-bottom:.25em;text-shadow:0 .075em .075em rgba(0,0,0,.65);}.x-btn.x-btn-real{box-shadow:0 .25em 0 0 #a71000,0 4px 9px rgba(0,0,0,.75);}.x-btn.x-btn-real:hover{box-shadow:0 .25em 0 0 #a71000,0 4px 9px rgba(0,0,0,.75);}.x-btn.x-btn-flat,.x-btn.x-btn-flat:hover{margin-bottom:0;text-shadow:0 .075em .075em rgba(0,0,0,.65);box-shadow:none;}.x-btn.x-btn-transparent,.x-btn.x-btn-transparent:hover{margin-bottom:0;border-width:3px;text-shadow:none;text-transform:uppercase;background-color:transparent;box-shadow:none;}[data-x-fa-pro-icon]{font-family:"FontAwesomePro" !important;}[data-x-fa-pro-icon]:before{content:attr(data-x-fa-pro-icon);}[data-x-icon],[data-x-icon-o],[data-x-icon-l],[data-x-icon-b],[data-x-fa-pro-icon],[class*="cs-fa-"]{display:inline-block;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;text-decoration:inherit;text-rendering:auto;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;}[data-x-icon].left,[data-x-icon-o].left,[data-x-icon-l].left,[data-x-icon-s].left,[data-x-icon-b].left,[data-x-fa-pro-icon].left,[class*="cs-fa-"].left{margin-right:.5em;}[data-x-icon].right,[data-x-icon-o].right,[data-x-icon-l].right,[data-x-icon-s].right,[data-x-icon-b].right,[data-x-fa-pro-icon].right,[class*="cs-fa-"].right{margin-left:.5em;}[data-x-icon]:before,[data-x-icon-o]:before,[data-x-icon-l]:before,[data-x-icon-b]:before,[data-x-fa-pro-icon]:before,[class*="cs-fa-"]:before{line-height:1;}[data-x-icon],[data-x-icon][class*="cs-fa-"]{font-family:"FontAwesome" !important;font-weight:900;}[data-x-icon]:before,[data-x-icon][class*="cs-fa-"]:before{content:attr(data-x-icon);}[data-x-icon-o]{font-family:"FontAwesomeRegular" !important;}[data-x-icon-o]:before{content:attr(data-x-icon-o);}[data-x-icon-l]{font-family:"FontAwesomeLight" !important;font-weight:300;}[data-x-icon-l]:before{content:attr(data-x-icon-l);}.m1f4l-0.x-bar-space{height:80px;}.m1f4l-6.x-bar-space{height:40px;}.m1f4l-8.x-bar-outer-spacers:after,.m1f4l-8.x-bar-outer-spacers:before{flex-basis:2em;width:2em !important;height:2em;}.m1f4l-8.x-bar-space{font-size:16px;height:70px;}.m1f4l-t.x-text > :first-child{margin-top:0;}.m1f4l-t.x-text > :last-child{margin-bottom:0;}.m1f4l-v.x-text{text-align:center;}.m1f4l-10.x-anchor .x-anchor-content{flex-direction:row-reverse;}.m1f4l-10.x-anchor .x-anchor-text-primary{text-transform:capitalize;}.m1f4l-10.x-anchor .x-graphic{margin-top:7px;margin-right:15px;margin-bottom:4px;margin-left:4px;}.m1f4l-10.x-anchor .x-graphic-image{max-width:8px;}.m1f4l-17.x-anchor .x-anchor-text-primary{font-family:inherit;}.m1f4l-1a.x-anchor .x-anchor-text-primary{font-weight:400;}.m1f4l-1b.x-anchor .x-anchor-text-primary{line-height:1;}.m1f4l-1c.x-anchor .x-anchor-text-primary{color:rgba(0,0,0,1);}.m1f4l-1c.x-anchor:hover .x-anchor-text-primary,.m1f4l-1c.x-anchor[class*="active"] .x-anchor-text-primary,[data-x-effect-provider*="colors"]:hover .m1f4l-1c.x-anchor .x-anchor-text-primary{color:rgba(0,0,0,.5);}.m1f4l-1d.x-anchor{margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:10px;margin-left:0px;}.m1f4l-1d.x-anchor .x-anchor-text-primary{font-size:.9em;color:#747474;}.m1f4l-1d.x-anchor:hover .x-anchor-text-primary,.m1f4l-1d.x-anchor[class*="active"] .x-anchor-text-primary,[data-x-effect-provider*="colors"]:hover .m1f4l-1d.x-anchor .x-anchor-text-primary{color:rgba(0,0,0,.91);}.m1f4l-1f.x-anchor .x-anchor-content{padding-top:.575em;padding-right:.85em;padding-bottom:.575em;padding-left:.85em;}.m1f4l-1h.x-anchor{background-color:rgba(255,255,255,1);}.m1f4l-1h.x-anchor .x-anchor-text-primary{font-weight:700;}.m1f4l-1j.x-anchor{border-top-left-radius:.409em;border-top-right-radius:.409em;border-bottom-right-radius:.409em;border-bottom-left-radius:.409em;}.m1f4l-1j.x-anchor .x-anchor-content{padding-top:.5em;padding-right:.64em;padding-bottom:.5em;padding-left:.64em;}.m1f4l-1j.x-anchor:hover,.m1f4l-1j.x-anchor[class*="active"],[data-x-effect-provider*="colors"]:hover .m1f4l-1j.x-anchor{background-color:#fff;}.m1f4l-1j.x-anchor .x-anchor-text-primary,.m1f4l-1j.x-anchor .x-anchor-text-secondary{overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap;}.m1f4l-1j.x-anchor .x-anchor-text-primary{color:#000;}.m1f4l-1j.x-anchor,.m1f4l-1j.x-anchor :not([data-x-particle]){transition-duration:0ms;}.m1f4l-1l.x-anchor .x-anchor-content{justify-content:flex-start;}.m1f4l-1n.x-anchor .x-anchor-content{padding-top:.75em;padding-bottom:.75em;}.m1f4l-1o.x-anchor .x-anchor-content{padding-right:.75em;padding-left:.75em;}.m1f4l-1o.x-anchor .x-anchor-text{margin-right:auto;}.m1f4l-1p.x-anchor .x-anchor-sub-indicator{color:rgba(0,0,0,1);}.m1f4l-1p.x-anchor:hover .x-anchor-sub-indicator,.m1f4l-1p.x-anchor[class*="active"] .x-anchor-sub-indicator,[data-x-effect-provider*="colors"]:hover .m1f4l-1p.x-anchor .x-anchor-sub-indicator{color:rgba(0,0,0,.5);}.m1f4l-1q.x-anchor:hover,.m1f4l-1q.x-anchor[class*="active"],[data-x-effect-provider*="colors"]:hover .m1f4l-1q.x-anchor{background-color:#d43a03;}.m1f4l-1q.x-anchor:hover .x-anchor-text-primary,.m1f4l-1q.x-anchor[class*="active"] .x-anchor-text-primary,[data-x-effect-provider*="colors"]:hover .m1f4l-1q.x-anchor .x-anchor-text-primary{color:hsla(0,0%,100%,.75);}.m1f4l-1s.x-anchor:hover .x-graphic-icon,.m1f4l-1s.x-anchor[class*="active"] .x-graphic-icon,[data-x-effect-provider*="colors"]:hover .m1f4l-1s.x-anchor .x-graphic-icon{color:rgba(255,255,255,.5);}.m1f4l-1v.x-anchor:hover .x-toggle,.m1f4l-1v.x-anchor[class*="active"] .x-toggle,[data-x-effect-provider*="colors"]:hover .m1f4l-1v.x-anchor .x-toggle{color:rgba(255,255,255,.38);}.m1f4l-1w.x-anchor .x-anchor-content{padding-top:.55em;padding-bottom:.55em;}.m1f4l-1w.x-anchor .x-anchor-text-primary{color:#fff;}.m1f4l-1w.x-anchor:hover .x-anchor-text-primary,.m1f4l-1w.x-anchor[class*="active"] .x-anchor-text-primary,[data-x-effect-provider*="colors"]:hover .m1f4l-1w.x-anchor .x-anchor-text-primary{color:#00d4d8;}.m1f4l-1w.x-anchor:hover .x-anchor-sub-indicator,.m1f4l-1w.x-anchor[class*="active"] .x-anchor-sub-indicator,[data-x-effect-provider*="colors"]:hover .m1f4l-1w.x-anchor .x-anchor-sub-indicator{color:#00d4d8;}.m1f4l-1z.x-anchor:hover,.m1f4l-1z.x-anchor[class*="active"],[data-x-effect-provider*="colors"]:hover .m1f4l-1z.x-anchor{background-color:hsla(0,0%,100%,0);}.m1f4l-20.x-anchor .x-anchor-text-primary{font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;color:rgba(0,0,0,.35);}.m1f4l-20.x-anchor:hover .x-anchor-text-primary,.m1f4l-20.x-anchor[class*="active"] .x-anchor-text-primary,[data-x-effect-provider*="colors"]:hover .m1f4l-20.x-anchor .x-anchor-text-primary{color:rgba(0,0,0,.75);}.m1f4l-20.x-anchor:hover .x-anchor-sub-indicator,.m1f4l-20.x-anchor[class*="active"] .x-anchor-sub-indicator,[data-x-effect-provider*="colors"]:hover .m1f4l-20.x-anchor .x-anchor-sub-indicator{color:rgba(0,0,0,.75);}.m1f4l-21.x-anchor:hover .x-anchor-text-secondary,.m1f4l-21.x-anchor[class*="active"] .x-anchor-text-secondary,[data-x-effect-provider*="colors"]:hover .m1f4l-21.x-anchor .x-anchor-text-secondary{color:rgba(0,0,0,.75);}.m1f4l-22{overflow-x:hidden;overflow-y:hidden;display:flex;flex-direction:column;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:stretch;border-top-left-radius:.5em;border-top-right-radius:.5em;border-bottom-right-radius:.5em;border-bottom-left-radius:.5em;box-shadow:0em 1.25em 2em 0em rgba(0,0,0,.15);}.m1f4l-23{width:290px;min-width:210px;}.m1f4l-24{font-size:16px;border:0;background-color:#fff;transition-duration:500ms,500ms,0s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(.4,0,.2,1);}.m1f4l-25 selector:not(.x-active){transition-delay:0s,0s,500ms;}.m1f4l-26 .x-dropdown{width:14em;font-size:16px;border:0;background-color:#fff;box-shadow:0em .15em 2em 0em rgba(0,0,0,.15);transition-duration:500ms,500ms,0s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(.4,0,.2,1);}.m1f4l-27{width:66vw;min-width:18em;max-width:24em;}.m1f4l-28{width:300px;}.m1f4l-29{box-shadow:0em .15em 2em 0em rgba(0,0,0,.15);}.m1f4l-2a{width:14em;}.m1f4l-2h.x-div{flex-grow:1;}.m1f4l-2i.x-div{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.09);}.m1f4l-2j.x-div{padding-right:20px;padding-bottom:20px;padding-left:20px;background-color:#2c3f50;}.m1f4l-2k.x-div{background-color:#fff;}.m1f4l-2m.x-text{margin-right:0em;}.m1f4l-2m.x-text .x-text-content-text-primary{color:rgba(0,0,0,.33);}.m1f4l-2n.x-text{margin-bottom:.8em;}.m1f4l-2n.x-text .x-text-content-text-primary{font-family:inherit;font-size:.8em;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:.185em;margin-right:calc(.185em * -1);text-transform:uppercase;}.m1f4l-2r.x-text{margin-right:1em;margin-left:1.156em;border-bottom-color:rgba(255,255,255,.22);}.m1f4l-2r.x-text .x-text-content-text-primary{color:#fff;}.m1f4l-2s.x-text{border-top-width:0px;border-right-width:0px;border-bottom-width:1px;border-left-width:0px;border-top-style:solid;border-right-style:solid;border-bottom-style:solid;border-left-style:solid;border-top-color:transparent;border-right-color:transparent;border-left-color:transparent;padding-top:0em;padding-right:0em;padding-bottom:.416em;padding-left:0em;}.m1f4l-2s.x-text:hover,.m1f4l-2s.x-text[class*="active"],[data-x-effect-provider*="colors"]:hover .m1f4l-2s.x-text{border-top-color:undefined;border-right-color:undefined;border-bottom-color:undefined;border-left-color:undefined;}.m1f4l-2t.x-text{border-bottom-color:rgba(0,0,0,.08);}.m1f4l-2x{margin-top:0em;margin-right:-.64em;margin-bottom:0em;margin-left:-.64em;flex-direction:row;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:stretch;flex-wrap:wrap;align-content:stretch;align-self:stretch;flex-grow:0;flex-shrink:0;flex-basis:auto;}.m1f4l-2x > li,.m1f4l-2x > li > a{flex-grow:1;flex-shrink:1;flex-basis:8em;}.m1f4l-2y{font-size:1em;}.m1f4l-2z,.m1f4l-2z .x-anchor{transition-duration:300ms;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(.4,0,.2,1);}.m1f4l-30{transition-duration:500ms,0s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(.4,0,.2,1);}.m1f4l-30:not(.x-active){transition-delay:0s,500ms;}.m1f4l-30 .x-modal-close:focus,.m1f4l-30 .x-modal-close:hover{color:rgba(255,255,255,1);}.m1f4l-30 .x-modal-content{transition-duration:500ms;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(.4,0,.2,1);}.m1f4l-31{width:100%;max-width:none;height:auto;border:0;font-size:1.25em;background-color:#fff;}.m1f4l-31 .x-search-input{order:2;margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;font-family:inherit;font-size:1em;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:1.3;color:rgba(0,0,0,.5);}.m1f4l-31.x-search-has-content .x-search-input{color:rgba(0,0,0,1);}.m1f4l-31 .x-search-btn-submit{order:1;width:1em;height:1em;margin-top:.9em;margin-right:.65em;margin-bottom:.9em;margin-left:.9em;border:0;font-size:1em;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);background-color:transparent;}.m1f4l-31 .x-search-btn-clear{order:3;width:1em;height:1em;margin-top:.9em;margin-right:.9em;margin-bottom:.9em;margin-left:.65em;border:0;border-top-left-radius:100em;border-top-right-radius:100em;border-bottom-right-radius:100em;border-bottom-left-radius:100em;color:rgba(0,0,0,1);font-size:1em;background-color:transparent;}.m1f4l-31 .x-search-btn-clear:focus,.m1f4l-31 .x-search-btn-clear:hover{color:rgba(0,0,0,.5);border-top-left-radius:100em;border-top-right-radius:100em;border-bottom-right-radius:100em;border-bottom-left-radius:100em;}img.avatar{border-radius:50%;width:100px;height:100px;border:5px solid #e2e7ed;}.m2dl-2.x-bar-space{font-size:16px;}.m2dl-s > li,.m2dl-s > li > a{flex-grow:0;flex-shrink:1;flex-basis:auto;}.m2dl-t .x-dropdown{width:14em;font-size:16px;border:0;background-color:#fff;box-shadow:0em .15em 2em 0em rgba(0,0,0,.15);transition-duration:500ms,500ms,0s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(.4,0,.2,1);}.m2dl-t selector:not(.x-active){transition-delay:0s,0s,500ms;}.m2dl-w.x-anchor:hover .x-anchor-text-primary,.m2dl-w.x-anchor[class*="active"] .x-anchor-text-primary,[data-x-effect-provider*="colors"]:hover .m2dl-w.x-anchor .x-anchor-text-primary{color:rgba(0,0,0,.75);}.m2dl-w.x-anchor:hover .x-anchor-sub-indicator,.m2dl-w.x-anchor[class*="active"] .x-anchor-sub-indicator,[data-x-effect-provider*="colors"]:hover .m2dl-w.x-anchor .x-anchor-sub-indicator{color:rgba(0,0,0,.75);}.m2dl-y.x-anchor .x-anchor-content{padding-top:.75em;padding-right:.75em;padding-bottom:.75em;padding-left:.75em;}.m2dl-y.x-anchor .x-anchor-text{margin-top:5px;margin-right:auto;margin-left:5px;}.m2dl-y.x-anchor .x-anchor-text-primary{font-family:inherit;font-weight:inherit;}.m2dl-10.x-anchor:hover,.m2dl-10.x-anchor[class*="active"],[data-x-effect-provider*="colors"]:hover .m2dl-10.x-anchor{border-top-color:rgba(0,0,0,.3);border-right-color:rgba(0,0,0,.3);border-bottom-color:rgba(0,0,0,.3);border-left-color:rgba(0,0,0,.3);}.m2dl-11.x-text > :first-child{margin-top:0;}.m2dl-11.x-text > :last-child{margin-bottom:0;}.woocommerce li.product .entry-header .price>del{display:block;}.x-main .widget a,.x-sidebar .widget a{text-decoration:none;}.x-main .widget a:hover,.x-sidebar .widget a:hover{text-decoration:underline;}.x-breadcrumbs a:hover{display:inline-block;color:rgba(0,0,0,.75);}[data-x-icon][class*="cs-fa-"]{font-family:"FontAwesome" !important;font-weight:900;color:#ccc;}.x-sidebar.right figure{display:block;margin-block-start:1em;margin-block-end:1em;margin-inline-start:10px;margin-inline-end:10px;}#block-4.widget.widget_block{margin-bottom:0;padding-bottom:0;}#block-4.widget.widget_block h4{margin-bottom:0;padding-bottom:0;}#block-3.widget.widget_block.widget_media_image{margin-top:0;padding-bottom:0;}#block-3.widget.widget_block.widget_media_image figure{margin-block-start:0;padding-bottom:0;margin-block-end:0;}.x-comment-img .avatar-wrap.cf img.avatar{border-radius:50%;width:50px;height:50px;border:1px solid #e2e7ed;}#block-3.widget.widget_block.widget_media_image figcaption{text-align:center;font-size:90%;}.blog .x-sidebar.right .widget #block-3.widget{padding-bottom:0;}.shareblockwidget{margin-top:48px;}#block-5.widget.widget_block{margin-top:0;padding-top:0;text-align:center;}.x-sidebar #block-5.widget a{text-align:center;}header img.avatar{border-radius:50%;width:30px;height:30px;border:none;}

Index of Refraction

Leave a Comment Cancel reply

Education

Help

Members

Education

Help

Members